Design and Uses of Reinforced Shotcrete in Underground Projects in Canada
The first use of steel fibre reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) in Canada was using the wet-mix process in the support of deteriorated ground in 80 year old railway tunnels in the Fraser Canyon,...
High-Grade Concrete for the Single Permanent Shotcrete Lining Method
With the single permanent shotcrete lining method in underground construction in rock, a shotcrete layer placed subsequently to the application of the supporting shotcrete replaces the...
Design and Application of Integrated Shotcrete Linings for Underground Openings in Weak Rock Masses
Tunnels and caverns excavated in weak rock masses require special consideration in terms of shotcrete lining design. Shotcrete as a support medium for weak rock provides major benefits...
Reduction of Head Losses in Tunnels by Means of Shotcrete
Head losses in blasted rock tunnels conveying water to hydropower stations often significantly reduces the energy production in the plant. Typical values on the head losses in tunnels...
Guidelines for Shotcrete Support in Hard Rock
The writer is working on a handbook on shotcrete in hard rock. The work is sponsored by the Swedish Power Board, Development Division. The main contents are: Choice of shotcrete support...
Active Tunnel Design?A New Concept for Predesign, Contractual Lay-out and Construction Management
Active tunnel Design is a new concept for design, layout of specification and contract, and for construction management of tunnels and underground carverns. Investigations yeild more information...
Technical Note: STC-40 Shotcrete Adhesion In Situ Tester
It is essential that the shotcrete when reinforcing the rock mass achieves a good adhesive bond to the rock surface. The strength of that bond can be controlled by pull out testing either...
Development of Mechanized Wet Mix Shotcrete Application in Norwegian Tunnelling Industry
From 1971 to 1980 wet mix shotcrete won the Norwegian market 100%. In the same period hand held spraying was replaced by hydraulic manipulators. From 1980 to 1986, steel fibre use increased...
Wet Mix Shotcrete Used in Subsea Tunnel Environments
To reject the claim that the use of accelerator in shotcrete reduces the compressive strength with time, lately cored samples were taken from an 18 to 19 years old concrete. A wet mixed...
Guidelines for Shotcreting and Current Development in the Wet-Mix Technique in Finland
Guidelines for shotcreting were written based on the literature survey and shotcreting trials. During shotcreting trials existing Norwegian and Middle-European wet-mix shotcreting concepts...
Austrian Guideline and National Report on the Use of Shotcrete
The purpose of this guideline is the standardization of quality and a uniform procedure for the production and testing of shotcrete from the technical and engineering point of view. In...
Practical Considerations on the Use of Additives for Shotcrete
Shotcrete is mostly used today for securing rock: in this capacity, it has solved many problems and has become a necessary aid. However, thedegree of utilization of the method is still...
The Influence of Water Glass on the Technological Parameters of Shotcrete
Shotcrete used in tunneling must follow a clearly defined early strength development in order to comply with stresses from rock deformations and drilling and blasting. Accelerators are...
Shotcrete Tests at the Fish Ecca Tunnel
The Fish-Ecca Tunnel is situated in the Eastern Cape and forms part of the Lower Fish Irrigation Scheme. About 25% of the 5032 m tunnel had to be lined with shotcrete. Between February...
New Advances in Shotcrete Additives: The DELVO System
The DELVO system is a two component, nonchloride chemical system developed to control the dynamics of cement hydration. Concrete, treated with the DELVO system, can be kept in a plastic...
Site Measurement of Shotcreting Dust
Shotcreting is broadly used today as an excellent lining system, which enables to assure rapidly the stability of excavated rock surface. This system however leaves room for improvements...
Advances in Dry Shotcrete Technology by Means of Microsilica
During the last decade microsilica has been increasingly used to improve both wet and dry mix shotcrete. In the traditional dry process microsilica is blended in the dry mixture. Since...
New Developments in Tunnel Lining by Help of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
The combination of single shell structures in tunnelling with the use of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete is decisively able to reduce the costs of tunnel projects. Several variants of...
An Identity Chart for Steel Fibers
Improvements in ductility and toughness by adding steel fibers to the shotcrete mix are sufficient to enable steel fibers to be used as replacement for steel mesh reinforcements. Steel...
Fire Testing of Shotcrete Samples in a Small Furnace
The fire resistance behaviour of 8 shotcrete samples were investigated in a laboratory furnace applying ISO 834 standard test. Shotcrete was applied on 20 to 30 cm thick granite slabs...
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